The future evolution of climate change will affect both environment and human activities.

Particularly agriculture will be influenced by the drier and warmer than presently climate condition that models suggest for the next few decades in the Mediterranean Region. It important to provide estimates of the future agricultural production and of the water requirements that are necessary to support it. While the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere produces a positive impact on agriculture, on the other hand future increase in temperature it is feared to reduce yield and quality of crops and make necessary to increase the irrigation of many crops. This latter need will be further accentuated by reduction of rainfall. Moreover it is important to evaluate the response of ecosystems to climate change and how, for example, thermal anomalies could lead to mass mortalities and promote the proliferation of alien species in the Mediterranean Sea.